A private 5G network in particular is a critical enabler of IIoT technologies; it promises reliable, low latency connectivity with better performance, privacy, and levels of security. This feature originally appeared in InTech magazine's August issue, a special edition from ISA's Smart Manufacturing and IIoT Division.
Industrial-grade private wireless networks join wired solutions to support advanced applications. Modern industrial and process automation systems consist of many subsystems and components, including CNC machines, robots, controllers, interfaces, sensors, actuators and other production assets. To fulfill the manufacturing or processing requirements, these devices must communicate their state and exchange data. That is the function of industrial networks. Early industrial networks did not have the need to carry large volumes of data and instead relied on arrays of relays and switches to communicate with motors and other load devices. Over time, the production and processing systems became more advanced and drove the development of complex communication protocols. Today, it is common to see a combination of various transmission methods, including serial, Ethernet, and wireless protocols. In serial communication, data is transmitted sequentially bit by bit, which translates to very slow transmission speeds; the point-to-point RS-232 standard defined the rate at 1.492 Kbps for up to 15 m (50 ft). The improvement to RS-232 is the multipoint RS-485 standard, which provides communication for fieldbus protocols such as Modbus or Profibus. It delivers 10 Mbps and can support a cable length of up to 1,200 m (4,000 ft). Ethernet, defined in IEEE 802.3, is commonly used for connecting devices in a wired local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN). It is the de facto standard for enterprise networks. Multiple Ethernet specifications define different cable options and speeds, but they all share the same data link format, allowing integration of nodes running different “flavors” of Ethernet. The implementation of Ethernet for industrial automation is slightly different from what one typically sees in the enterprise space. Here are some of the differences:
Ethernet allows for an integration of operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) systems and can be a key enabler for innovative use cases such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).
Running traditional field wiring through an industrial facility can be expensive. It is not even possible in some cases. Wireless technology has multiple benefits over wired connections, including cost savings, quick and flexible deployment, and mobility for applications used by plant operators. Several wireless technologies, each suited to certain applications, can be found on the increasingly smart factory floor (figure). Wireless technologies deployed for industrial operations can be divided into three categories based on their role:
Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN), IEEE 802.15.4, is typically used for low-data-rate monitoring and control applications on devices with low power requirements. Examples of LR-WPANs are ISA-100.11a, WirelessHART, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, and Thread. Each has advantages, with some offering self-organizing and self-healing mesh architecture and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) data encryption. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) operates at 2.4 GHz. It is mainly used for low-cost, short-range connectivity for battery-operated devices that do not require high bandwidth. BLE is well suited for connecting remote controls, handheld devices, locks, and smart sensors. Additional benefits of BLE are a near-real-time location tracking and 128-bit AES encryptions. Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) provides long-range communication at low data rates with very low power consumption (battery life is up to 10 years). It is well suited for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. Typical applications include smart meters, pipeline monitoring, and various IoT-based solutions for smart agriculture and smart cities. Wi-Fi, as defined by the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, is widely used by computers, mobile devices, and other devices to connect to the local area network and to the Internet through a wireless router. Wi-Fi operates at either the 2.4- or 5-GHz spectrum, and at 6 GHz for the newest Wi-Fi 6 standard. It offers high data rates up to 600 Mbps for 802.11n, 3.6 Gbps for 802.11ac, and 9.6 Gbps for 802.11ax. Those data rates are the theoretical rates. The real rates are about 50 percent less, but they are still very high for a wireless technology. Wi-Fi was not meant for battery-operated devices, and it is typically used for machine monitoring and connecting the plant floor to enterprise systems. Both 4G/LTE and 5G have been standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), which unites seven telecommunications standard development organizations (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC). These standards cover cellular telecommunications technologies, including radio access, core network, and service capabilities, which provide a complete system description for mobile telecommunications. The 3GPP specifications also provide hooks for nonradio access to the core network, and for interworking with non-3GPP networks. Several wireless technologies, each suited to certain applications, enable industrial communications.
Plant operators are looking for ways to improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, and increase overall equipment effectiveness through various Industry 4.0 initiatives. Industrial connectivity is the foundation for Industrial IoT solutions. It enables operators to get insights into their production assets to better understand their performance, improve efficiency, and avoid costly downtime. Asset-intensive industries are moving quickly to take advantage of these technologies. Industrial-grade private wireless networks meet the demands of industry’s mission- and business-critical operational applications. Critical communications solutions based on industrial-grade private wireless offer many possibilities to power Industry 4.0 use cases in industrial sites, plants, campuses, and wide area networks. Use cases range from machine remote control to cloud robotics, process automation, predictive asset maintenance, assisted/autonomous vehicles, CCTV monitoring, and mission-critical push-to-talk and push-to-video, all on a single network infrastructure.
Recent research from Nokia and ABI Research reports that 74 percent of manufacturing decision makers surveyed plan to upgrade communications and control networks in the next two years to advance digital transformation and Industry 4.0. More than 90 percent are investigating the use of 4G/5G for their operations, and 84 percent of those considering 4G/5G will deploy their own local private wireless network in their manufacturing operations. Additional insights can be found in technology developments. Here are few examples: Single-pair Ethernet (SPE): SPE offers faster and cheaper Ethernet connectivity with power over data lines (PoDL) to remotely power field devices. The IEEE P802.3cg 10BASE-T1L standard specifies full-duplex transmission over a single pair of conductors at 10 Mbps for up to 1000 m. SPE is much faster than fieldbus and can use the existing single twisted pair fieldbus cable runs—a huge savings. IEEE 802.3ch supports up to 10 Gbps with a cable length of up to 15 m. SPE meets the requirements of the industrial Ethernet and will be able to support EtherNet/IP, HART-IP, OPC UA, Profinet, and other higher-level network protocols.
Andy Piatek is a chair of the Industrial Connectivity committee of ISA’s SMIIoT Division, whose aim is to identify emerging technologies in network connectivity and develop guidelines applicable to industrial operations. Based in Canada, Piatek is a digital solutions director at Novus Technical Services. He has a BS in computer science and multiple industry credentials, including CCIE No. 12778, JNCIE No. 523 and CISSP. Ron Blow is private wireless regional sales manager–Canada for Nokia. Previously, he worked with enterprise clients in North America designing and optimizing MPLS networks, data centers and cloud solutions.
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